Cancer treatment and prevention remains a top priority for the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Military Health System (MHS). Adverse neurological health outcomes are not new to the MHS, however, there does not appear to be a synthesis of the literature regarding primary brain neoplasms within the military and veteran patient populations since not only the Gulf War, but the GWOT as well. The purposes of this review were to summarize the state of the current literature regarding primary brain tumors or cancers since the Gulf War, reconcile the literature with the PACT act and recent findings from the USAF, and identify areas for future research. MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), EMBASE (Elsevier), CINAHL Complete (EBSCOhost), and PubMed (NCBI) were searched for articles from 1991 to 2023. 14 articles were identified as pertinent for this review. Articles covered topics such as incidence, mortality, and risk factors. Literature shows some differences in brain tumor histology between civilian and veteran patients, and some possible risk factors in the military population. Areas for future research were impacts of brain injury, mental health diagnoses, and deployment-related risk factors on brain cancers in the military and veteran patient population. Additionally, long-term impacts of more recent military operations to include deployments to Kharshi Khanabad Airforce Base, the 2011 Fukishima Nuclear Disaster, and deployments throughout the AFRICOM theatre of operations have yet to be investigated. Overall, literature on the topic is sparse and further research is necessary.