Background The Uniformed Services University (USU) Physician Scientist Training Program was established in 2002 to educate and train skilled, independent medical scientists and officer leaders who, through the combination of both clinical and biomedical investigations, lead the forefront of military-relevant translational research. The USU MD-PhD program is one of 122 accredited physician-scientist training programs in the nation. The Uniformed Services University (USU) Physician Scientist Training Program is a 7-year dual degree program granting a Doctor of Medicine (MD) and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in one of three interdisciplinary graduate programs or in public health. The USU MD-PhD Program is designed with a cross-over structure. Trainees begin with 18 months of preclinical medical coursework, followed by a 3-year PhD research period, and then conclude with 2.5 years of clinical training. Throughout their time at USU, students complete relevant operational medicine training and commission as a military officer after completion of their third year of the program. Over the past eight years, the MD-PhD program has expanded from accepting one student every other year to accepting 2-3 students annually with plans for further expansion. USU currently has 16 students at different stages of their MD-PhD training compared to 15 program alumni. This programmatic expansion prompted a review of outcomes to evaluate MD-PhD Program graduate satisfaction and career outcomes, and to identify opportunities for improvement within the USU MD-PhD program. Methods Alumni were queried through a virtual survey assessing these factors both quantitatively and qualitatively through both closed-ended, Likert scale responses and open-ended responses. 13 of 15 (87%) alumni responded to the survey. An additional response was received from a trainee who received his MD and PhD from USU before the program was formalized. The eight alumni who had completed their military residency training were further queried regarding use of their scientific training as an active-duty service member. Results A majority of respondents were satisfied with their experience in the USU MD-PhD training program, positively agreeing that they would “re-enroll if given the chance” and “recommend the program to a colleague” (86%). The survey identified the 3-year gap in medical training between pre-clerkships and clerkships as an area to improve the training program; 79% of respondents identified the gap as slightly-to-extremely problematic. Free responses cited atrophy of clinical knowledge and skills as the major deficit, and a majority (71%) of alumni agreed that a “return to clinic” curriculum during the PhD phase would have been beneficial. 43% of respondents also identified their civilian status during their preclinical training as negatively impacting their integration into the broader USU student community. Investigation of career outcomes of graduates demonstrated that 86% of MD/PhD graduates matched into their first-choice specialty and that, on average, alumni of the USU MD/PhD training program dedicate almost 20% of their working hours to research. 86% of respondents indicated that obtaining a PhD had a somewhat-to-very positive impact on professional opportunities within the MHS and 71% indicated that their PhD has been very-to-extremely valuable in helping them contribute to military medicine. 71% indicated that they were somewhat-to-very satisfied with their career trajectory. Conclusions, Perspectives, and Future Directions The next phase of this study will utilize interview-based research to evaluate the influence of the dual degree training program on military career advancement, research accomplishments, and clinical outcomes in graduates’ careers. The MD-PhD Program will further use survey responses to make structural changes in the program to enhance student training and wellbeing. Toward this end, the USU MD-PhD program has implemented a formal longitudinal clinical skills curriculum for students during their PhD training, with the goal of improving students’ transition into their clerkship training. Future studies will evaluate this program based on exit interviews and student success during clerkship training. In summary, the USU MD-PhD Program is a unique educational paradigm that trains physician-scientists to be leaders in military-relevant translational biomedical research for the Military Health System. The opinions and assertions expressed herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as reflecting the views of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences or the United States Department of Defense.